ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze different anatomical sites in the abdominal region, in order to determine the positional parameter that identifies a higher level of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and confers a greater cardiometabolic risk. Materials and methods: This is a methodological study in which VAT was evaluated by ultrasonography (USG) in three anatomical sites in the abdomen, while the abdominal circumference (AC) was measured using seven different protocols. Additionally, the glycemic and lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and the presence of systemic arterial hypertension were evaluated. Results: One hundred and six individuals with an average age of 42 (36.8-46.2) years were included. The evaluation of the calibration of the ultrasound procedure for the analysis of VAT by intra- and inter-evaluators showed high reproducibility. The pattern of abdominal fat distribution differed between sexes, with higher mean VAT in males (p < 0.05) and higher mean SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) in females (p < 0.005). In the abdominal scan applied to women, higher levels of VAT and lower levels of SAT were observed in the narrower waist region, between the iliac crest and the last rib (p < 0.001). In males, the profile of adipose disposition along the abdomen was uniform (p > 0.05). Correlations between VAT measured by USG and cardiometabolic parameters were relatively stronger in the upper abdomen (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Women accumulate more VAT in the narrower waist region, while men accumulate VAT uniformly across the abdomen. There was relative superiority in predicting cardiometabolic risk in the upper abdomen for both sexes.

Resumo Em razão de a obesidade ter alcançado proporções epidêmicas e dado ao atual reconhecimento da adiposidade central como um importante fator de risco cardiometabólico, diversos pesquisadores têm se dedicado em desenvolver e validar índices e equações preditivas para avaliar o Tecido Adiposo Visceral (TAV). Este estudo avaliou a aplicabilidade do Índice de Adiposidade Visceral (IAV) como preditor de risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos atendidos em um hospital no nordeste brasileiro. O TAV foi avaliado por tomografia computadorizada (TC) e o IAV foi calculado através de equações específicas para cada sexo. A amostra envolveu pacientes adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos acompanhados no ambulatório de cardiologia. Os seguintes parâmetros cardiometabólicos foram coletados: glicemia de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, perfil lipídico, proteína C-reativa e ácido úrico. Regressão linear simples foi empregada para avaliar o poder explicativo do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado por TC. A capacidade preditiva do IAV em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC foi de 25,8% (p=0,004) para o sexo masculino e 19,9% (p<0,001) para o sexo feminino. O IAV se correlacionou fortemente com as variáveis TG (r=0,916, p< 0,001) e TG/HDL (r=0,952, p<0,001) e inversamente com o HDL (r=-0,441, p<0,001), além disso, apresentou baixa correlação com as variáveis: circunferência abdominal, colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada (p<0,05). O IAV associou-se com variáveis consideradas fatores de risco cardiometabólico, porém exibiu baixa capacidade preditiva em relação ao volume de TAV determinado pela TC, sendo recomendada cautela em sua utilização em indivíduos brasileiros.

Abstract As obesity has reached epidemic proportions and given the current recognition of central adiposity as an important cardiometabolic risk factor, several researchers have focused on developing and validating predictive indexes and equations to evaluate Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT). This study evaluates the applicability of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) for predicting cardiometabolic risk in individuals treated in a hospital In the northeast region of Brazil. The VAT was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and the VAI was calculated through specific equations for each gender. The sample involved adult and elderly patients of both genders followed up in a cardiology outpatient clinic. The following cardiometabolic parameters were collected: fasting glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP) and uric acid. The simple linear regression was used to evaluate the explanatory power of the VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT. The predictive capacity of VAI in relation to the volume of VAT determined by CT was 25.8% (p=0.004) for males and 19.9% (p<0.001) for females. VAI correlated strongly with the triglyceride (TG) (p<0.001) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio (p<0.001) and inversely correlated with HDL (p<0.001). Moreover, VAI showed low correlation with the following variables: abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, fasting glycemia, and glycated hemoglobin (p<0.05). VAI was associated with variables considered as cardiometabolic risk factors, but exhibited a low predictive capacity regarding the volume of VAT determined by CT. Thus, caution is recommended in its use in Brazilian individuals.

ABSTRACT Energy-protein malnutrition is highly prevalent in dialysis patients, being an important marker of risk for morbidity and mortality. Among the various parameters available for assessing nutritional status, the phase angle (PA) measurement has been indicated as a useful marker for evaluating patients on hemodialysis (HD). Objective: To evaluate the association of PA with parameters of nutritional status in patients on HD. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional, observational study from February to July, 2016, in two hemodialysis units, in the city of Recife, Northeastern Brazil. Results: A total of 101 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 51.7±16.8 years and mean BMI of 24.3±4.5kg/m². The mean PA was 5.6±1.7°. PA was inversely correlated with age (r= −0.222; p= 0.024), fat% (r= −0.219; p= 0.026) and positively with height (r= 0.267; p= 0.003), velocity speed (r= 0.267; p= 0.003), skeletal muscle mass index (r= 0.269; p= 0.006), fat free mass (r= 0.303; p= 0.002) and serum creatinine (r= 0.278; p= 0.004). Conclusions: PA was associated with some parameters of nutritional status. Thus, it may be an additional useful measure to reflect nutritional status and to evaluate sarcopenia in patients on HD.

RESUMEN La desnutrición energético-proteica es altamente prevalente en pacientes en tratamiento con diálisis, siendo un importante marcador de riesgo para morbimortalidad. Entre los diversos parámetros disponibles para evaluación de la condición nutricional, la medida del Ángulo de Fase (AF) se ha señalado como marcador útil para evaluar a pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD). Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación del AF con parámetros de evaluación del estado nutricional en pacientes en HD. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal entre febrero y julio de 2016 en dos unidades de hemodiálisis, de Recife, Nordeste brasileño. Resultados: Se evaluó a 101 pacientes, con edades de 51,7±16,8 años e IMC de 24,3±4,5 kg/m². El promedio del AF fue 5,6±1,7° y se correlacionó inversamente con la edad (r= −0,222; p= 0,024) y con el % grasa (r= −0,219; p= 0,026) y directamente con la altura (r= 0,286; p= 0,003), con el índice de masa muscular esquelética (r= 0,269; p= 0,006), con la fuerza de agarre palmar (r= 0,627;p <0,001), velocidad de marcha (r= 0,263; p= 0,008), masa libre de grasa (r= 0,303; p= 0,002) y creatininemia (r= 0,278; p= 0,004). Conclusiones: El AF presentó asociación con algunos parámetros de evaluación nutricional, que puede ser una medida útil adicional para reflejar la condición nutricional y evaluar la sarcopenia en pacientes en HD.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre sarcopenia e obesidade sarcopênica como preditores de prognóstico em pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do miocárdio internados. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do miocárdio, hospitalizados no período de abril a julho de 2015, em serviço público, no Nordeste brasileiro. A sarcopenia foi determinada por meio das medidas de massa muscular, força muscular e desempenho físico. Foram utilizados os marcadores de risco cardiovascular e de prognóstico, como os valores de troponina e da isoenzima MB da creatinina quinase, classificação do infarto agudo do miocárdio de acordo com a elevação do segmento ST e o escore de risco de trombólise em infarto do miocárdio. Resultados: Foram avaliados 99 pacientes, com média de idade de 71,6 (±7,4) anos. Verificou-se prevalência de sarcopenia de 64,6% e 35,4% de obesidade sarcopênica. A sarcopenia foi mais prevalente no sexo masculino (p=0,017), na faixa etária >80 anos (p=0,008). Dentre os marcadores de risco cardiovascular, apenas o escore de risco trombólise em infarto do miocárdio esteve estatisticamente associado à sarcopenia (p=0,002). Conclusão: A prevalência da sarcopenia foi elevada e se associou com o escore de risco de trombólise em infarto do miocárdio. A obesidade sarcopênica acometeu cerca de um terço dos pacientes e não se associou a nenhum parâmetro preditor prognóstico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the potential value of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on data collected from elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction, admitted to a public hospital located in the Northeastern region of Brazil, from April to July 2015. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance measurements. Cardiovascular risk and prognostic markers, such as troponin and creatine kynase MB isoenzyme values, acute myocardial infarction classification according to ST segment elevation, and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score were used. Results: The sample comprised 99 patients with mean age of 71.6 (±7.4) years. Prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 64.6% and 35.4%, respectively. Sarcopenia was more prevalent among males (p=0.017) aged >80 years (p=0.008). Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction was the only marker of cardiovascular risk significantly associated with sarcopenia (p=0.002). Conclusion: Prevalence of sarcopenia was high and associated with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score. Sarcopenic obesity affected approximately one-third of patients and was not associated with any of the prognostic predictors.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To estimate the degree of variability of the waist circumference (WC) when obtained in different anatomical sites and compare the performance of the measurement sites as predictors of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and cardiometabolic abnormalities. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study involving 119 individuals with overweight (50.3 ± 12.2 years), in which six WC measurement sites were evaluated (minimal waist, immediately below the lowest rib, midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, 2 cm above the umbilicus, immediately above the iliac crest, umbilicus level), in addition to the VAT and SAT (quantified by computed tomography) and cardiometabolic parameters. Results: The differences between the measurements ranged from 0.2 ± 2.7 cm to 6.9 ± 6.7 cm for men, and from 0.1 ± 3.7 cm to 10.1 ± 4.3 cm for women. The minimum waist showed significant correlation with VAT (r = 0.70) and with a higher number of cardiometabolic parameters among men. Regarding women, the WC measurement showed high correlation with SAT and moderate correlation with VAT, not being found superiority of one measurement protocol in relation to the others when assessed the correlation with VAT and with cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Greater variability between the measuring sites was observed among women. With respect to men, the minimum waist performed better as a predictor of VAT and cardiometabolic alterations.

Pressure ulcer (PU) is a lesion in the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over bony prominences caused by pressure and / or shear associated. Although preventable, is still very prevalent, and pointed out that multiple factors are involved in its etiology. Objective: to identify the incidence of pressure ulcers, clinical and nutritional factors associated in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unity (ICU) of a university hospital. Methods: a prospective, observational study, with patients admitted to an ICU from June to November 2014. The UP was determined by inspection body three times a week during the morning bath, based on the characteristics established by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014. We collected demographic, clinical, biochemical and nutritional. The Braden Scale was used to verify individuals at risk of PU development. Results: the sample consisted of 51 patients with a mean age of 57.7 (�≤16.4) years. There was an incidence of UP 52.9%, and the factors associated with its development were: use of vasoactive drugs (p = 0.029), length of hospital stay > 10 days (p ≤0.001) and absence of anemia (p = 0.011). Conclusion: the high incidence of UP highlights the vulnerability of patients in intensive care. Although characterized by being a multifactorial condition only the use of vasoactive drugs, length of hospital stay and the absence of anemia were associated with the appearance of refs. Nutritional and clinical factors often related to trauma were not associated with their development.

La úlcera por presión (UP) es una lesión localizada en la piel y/o tejido subyacente, generalmente sobre prominencias óseas, provocada por la presión y/o asociada a cizallamiento. Aunque evitable, todavía es muy prevalente, siendo destacable que en su etiología están involucrados múltiples factores. Objetivo: identificar la incidencia de úlceras por presión y los factores demográficos, clínicos y nutricionales asociados en pacientes internados en la UCI de un hospital universitario. Métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional, con pacientes internados en una UCI de un hospital universitario ubicado en el nordeste brasileño, durante el periodo de junio a noviembre de 2014. Se determiní la UP a través de la inspeccion corporal tres veces a la semana durante el baño matinal, con base en las características establecidas por la National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos y nutricionales. Se utilizó la escala de Braden para verificar a los individuos con riesgo de desarrollo de UP. Resultados: la muestra se compuso de 51 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 57,7(�≤16,4) años. Se verificó una incidencia de UP del 52,9%, y los factores asociados a su desarrollo fueron: uso de droga vasoactiva (p = 0,029), tiempo de hospitalización > 10 dias (p ≤0,001) y ausencia de anemia (p = 0,011). Conclusion: la elevada incidencia de UP resalta la vulnerabilidad de los pacientes en cuidados intensivos. A pesar de caracterizarse por ser una condición multifactorial, solo el uso de drogas vasoactivas, el tiempo de hospitalización y la ausencia de anemia se asociaron a la aparicion de UP. Factores nutricionales y clínicos frecuentemente relacionados a las lesiones se asociaron con su desarrollo.

Introduction: The phase angle (PA) has been considered a sensitive tool to assess nutritional status and effectiveness of interventions dietetics. Objective: To evaluate the PA as an indicator of nutritional status and prognosis in critically ill patients. Methods: Prospective observational study of patients admitted to the Coronary Intensive Care Unit between May and October 2013. The PA was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, PA was considered low below 5º values for men and 4.6º for women. The values obtained were related to other evaluation parameters of nutritional status: anthropometric (arm circumference - AC , triceps skinfold thickness - TST , corrected arm muscle area - AMAc and calf circumference - CC) and biochemical (total lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit), in addition to clinical prognostic APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II) and serum albumin. The tabulation and analysis were performed using SPSS version 13.0. Results: The sample consisted of 110 patients, in which an association was found between low AF and renal failure on dialysis (p < 0.001), % adequacy AC (p = 0.028), % adequacy of TST (p = 0.043), albumin level (p = 0.042), anemia (p = 0.040) and APACHE II (p = 0.012) scores. The AF was positively correlated with CC (p= 0.043) and inversely with the length of hospitalization (p = 0.006). Conclusions: PA in the ICU may be useful to identify early and malnourished patients as a prognostic indicator.

Introducción: El ángulo de fase (AF) viene siendo considerado una herramienta sensible para evaluar el estado nutricional y la efectividad de las intervenciones dietoterápicas. Objetivo: Evaluar el AF como indicador del estado nutricional y pronóstico en pacientes críticos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional con pacientes admitidos en Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Coronarias, entre Mayo y Octubre de 2013. El AF se determinó por medio del análisis por Bioimpedancia Eléctrica, considerándose bajo AF valores inferiores a 5º para los hombres y 4,6º para las mujeres. Los valores obtenidos se relacionaron con otros parámetros de evaluación del estado nutricional: antropométricos (circunferencia del brazo - CB, pliegue cutáneo triciptal - PCT, área muscular del brazo corregida - AMBc circunferencia de pantorrilla - CP) y bioquímico (recuento total de linfocitos, hemoglobina, hematocrito), además de los pronósticos clínicos APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II) y albúmina sérica. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se realizaron a través del paquete estadístico SPSS versión 13.0. Resultados: La muestra se compuso por 110 pacientes, en la cual se verificó asociación entre bajo AF e insuficiencia renal en diálisis (p<0,001), % de adecuación de CB (p=0,028), % de adecuación de PCT (p=0,043), hipoalbuminemia (p=0,042), anemia (p=0,040) y puntuación APACHE II (p=0,012). El AF se correlacionó positivamente con la CP e inversamente con el tiempo de internación (p=0,006). Conclusiones: El AF en UCI parece ser útil para identificar a pacientes desnutridos precozmente y como indicador pronóstico.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos protetores e preditores do risco cardiovascular e os fatores associados na população adulta do Estado de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, envolvendo 1.820 adultos de 25 a 59 anos. Foram constituídos 3 grupos de alimentos: fontes em fibras (protetores), em carboidratos simples e em gorduras saturadas (risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ganho excessivo de peso). O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um questionário de frequência alimentar com mensuração convertida em escores. O modelo conceitual considerou variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, comportamentais e antropométricas. RESULTADOS: O escore médio do consumo de alimentos-fonte em carboidratos simples foi maior que o consumo de alimentos-fonte de fibras e gorduras saturadas (p<0,001). Um menor consumo do grupo de alimentos de risco foi observado em indivíduos de maior idade, provenientes de área rural, com menor renda e escolaridade. Maior consumo de carboidratos simples foi identificado entre indivíduos com baixo peso, e o consumo mais elevado de gorduras saturadas foi verificado em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles que relataram o consumo de álcool. O consumo de fibras foi superior em indivíduos não fumantes e naqueles de maior renda e escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: O maior consumo de carboidratos simples, em detrimento do consumo de fibras, está relacionado à suscetibilidade do indivíduo a doenças provocadas pela má alimentação e configura o processo de transição nutricional experimentado pelo Brasil nas últimas décadas.

OBJECTIVE: The present study assessed the consumption of foods that protect against and promote cardiovascular diseases and associated factors by adults from Pernambuco. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study done in 2006 involved 1820 adults aged 25 to 59 years. Foods were divided into three groups: high-fiber (protective foods), sugary foods and high-saturated fat foods (risk of cardiovascular disease and excess weight gain). Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire and amounts were converted into scores. The model included demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The mean sugary food intake score was higher than the high-fiber and high-saturated fat intake scores (p<0.001). Older country people with lower income and education level consumed less sugary foods and saturated fats. The highest high-fiber food scores were associated with higher income and education level. Low-birth weight individuals presented a high intake of simple carbohydrates; nonsmokers and those who reported consuming alcoholic beverages presented a high intake of saturated fats. Fiber intake was higher among nonsmokers and individuals with higher income and education level. CONCLUSION: Higher intake of sugary foods instead of high-fiber foods makes people more susceptible to diet-related diseases and reflects the nutritional transition that has been going on in Brazil in the last decades.